The Nyaya Sutra of Gotama is an important treatise on Indian logic and is regarded as the earliest work of Nyaya philosophy. Written in the aphoristic style, it is believed to have been comprised by Gotama, Gautama or Aksapads who is also considered to be the founder of the Nyaya system of philosophy. That the Nyaya sutra was an important work is also evident from the numerous commentaries on the text which were written through centuries. The Nyaya Sutra is divided into five books, each containing two chapters called ahnikas or Diurnal portions. Originally, this system only propounded the rational system of philosophy as means of valid knowledge, entirely shown of scriptural dogmas. In course of time, however, this system of philosophy also recognized and assimilated the other system of philosophy such as the Vaisesika, Yoga, Mimamsa, Samkhya, etc.
In the present translation of the Nyaya Sutras of Goutama, Mahamahopadhyaya Satisa Chandra Vidyabhusana has not only given an accurate rendering of this difficult text, but has also defined each term along with detailed explanation of the meaning underlying them in modern parlance. Apart from the translation, the present edition also contains a detailed introduction in which is given an account of the historical background of the text and its author, an alphabetical index to the Sutras, an index of words in English and a word index to the Nyaya Sutras, thus enhancing its value for the scholars interested in the subject.
INTRODUCTION
The Sixteen categories Release Means of knowledge Perception defined Inference defined Comparison defined Word or verbal testimony defined Objects of Knowledge Soul defined Body defined Sense defined Element defined Qualities of earth etc Intellect defined Mind defined Activity defined and explained Fault defined Transmigration defined Fruit defined Pain defined Release defined Doubt defined and explained Purpose defined Example or familiar instance Tenet defined A dogma of all the Schools A dogma peculiar to some School A hypothetical dogma An implied dogma Members of a syllogism Proposition Reason Homogeneous or affirmative reason Heterogeneous or negative reason Example Homogeneous or affirmative example Heterogeneous or negative example Application, affirmative and negative Conclusion Confutation Ascertainment
Discussion Wrangling Cavil Fallacies of reason The erratic The contradictory The controversial or equal to the question The reciprocal or unproved The mistimed Quibble Quibble in respect of a term Quibble in respect of a genus Quibble in respect of a metaphor Futility An occasion for rebuke
Doubt examined The means and objects of knowledge examined Perception examined Special kinds of knowledge The relation of perception and inference The whole and its part Inference examined The time present, past and future Comparison examined Word or verbal testimony examined The Veda examined Injunction Persuasion Praise Blame Warning Prescription Reinculcation Tautology The Medical Science
Means of knowledge examined Rumour Presumption Probability Non-existence The nature of sound examined Otherness Letters, their modifications and substitutes Word Individual Form Genus
Sense is not soul. Body is not soul Duality of the eye Remembrance Mind is not soul The soul established The body is earthly The eye-ball is material The senses are material The eye and its ray The senses are more than one Touch The senses are five The qualities of the elements
Intellect or knowledge is not eternal Knowledge is not momentary The nature of the knowledge Recollection Desire and aversion The mind is not the seat of knowledge Memory and its causes Knowledge is not a natural quality of the body Non-simultaneousness of knowledge The mind is atomic Desert producing the body
Activity Faults Stupidity Transmigration Entity does not arise from non-entity God Production from no-cause All are not non-eternal All are not eternal All are not distinct Self-existence and relative non-existence No fixity of number Fruit examined Pain examined Release examined Debts and troubles
The rise of true knowledge The whole and its parts Atom The non-reality of things False apprehension Meditation Discussion, wrangling and cavil
Futility Balancing the homogeneity Balancing the heterogeneity Balancing an addition Balancing a subtraction Balancing the questionable Balancing the unquestionable Balancing the alternative Balancing the reciprocity Balancing the co-presence Balancing the mutual absence Balancing the infinite regression Balancing the counter-example Balancing the non-produced Balancing the doubt Balancing the controversy Balancing the non-reason Balancing the presumption Balancing the non-difference Balancing the demonstration Balancing the perception Balancing the non-perception Balancing the non-eternal Balancing the eternal Balancing the effect Admission of an opinion Six-winged disputation
Occasions for rebuke Hurting the proposition Shifting the proposition Opposing the proposition Renouncing the proposition Shifting the reason Shifting the topic The meaningless The unintelligible The inopportune Saying too little Saying too much Repetition Silence Ignorance Non-ingenuity Evasion Admission of an opinion Overlooking the censurable Censuring the non-censurable Fallacies of a reason.
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