Goa and Portugal: History and Development is the 10 publication in the XCHR Studies Series. This present volume is a collection of the 31 papers presented by renowned scholars from India, Portugal, Germany, Italy and Canada at the 2 International Conference in the series "Goa and Portugal held in Goa (September 1999) and which had as its focus "History and Development." Covering a large span and varied areas of interest in Portuguese contacts with Goa from 1510 to 1961. This book consists of four broad sections: trade and industries, village communities and Goan life, religious issues, and literature.

Charles J. Borges, S.J. is Director, Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Alto Porvorim, Goa. He has been a Jesuit since 1967 and after his training in philosophy and theology, did his M.A. and Ph.D. in history from the Bombay University. He is author of The Economics of the Goa Jesuits 1542-1759 and had edited or co-edited a number of books including Goa and the Revolt of 1787, Goa and Portugal: Their cultural links, and Jesuits in India: In historical perspective. He has many published articles to his credit and has also lectured in India and abroad.

Dr. Óscar Guilherme Pereira, a Goan now permanently resident in Germany, has a doctorate in law from the Univ. of Cologne and teaches at the same Univ. He is director, Centro Português de Colónia (Cologne) and was part of the organising team for the 1st Goa-Portugal Conference in 1996, in Germany. He frequently travels for conferences and seminars abroad.

Hannes Stubbe has studied ethnology and psychology at the Universities of Freiburg (Germany) and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and obtained a doctorate in 1975 for his work on the Indian tribes of Brazil. Since then he has lectured in Germany and has been visiting professor in Brazil, Mozambique and China. He has over 100 publications to his credit.

The 2nd International Conference in the series "Goa and Portugal" was held in Goa (September 6-9, 1999) and had as its focus "History and Development." Organised by a group of Goan historians under the direction of Dr. Charles J. Borges, director, Xavier Centre of Historical Research, it attracted over 30 scholars from India, Portugal, Canada, Germany, Japan and Italy. The 1 conference was held under the direction of Dr. Helmut Feldmann, director, Instituto Luso-Brasileiro (Univ. of Cologne, Germany) and was conducted at the same University in May 1996. The papers presented then were edited jointly by Charles J. Borges and Helmut Feldmann as Goa and Portugal: their cultural links (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Co., 1997).

The present conference on "Goa and Portugal: History and Development" was inaugurated by Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Jacob, PVSM (Retd.). the then Governor of Goa at the XCHR, and Prof. B.S. Sonde, Vice- Chancellor, Goa University, delivered the keynote address. He touched, among other issues, on the topic of plant diversity and exchange believing that the Portuguese studied the manner in which Goans used certain plants, and that set off an exchange of plants between the continents in the 16 and 17° centuries. The significance of those exchanges, be reminded all, on the world was so much that today we cannot imagine how the present day world would be without the availability of this plant diversity.

The topics deliberated on during the four-day meet were the role of religion, art, trade, science, inter-cultural exchanges, industrialization, village communities, administration, and literature. Financial support for the conference came from the University of Cologne, Comissão Nacional para comemorações dos descobrimentos portugueses (Portugal), Instituto Camões (Portugal/New Delhi) and Fundação Oriente (Portugal/Goa).

The 31 papers presented at the Conference on "Goa and Portugal: History and Development" covered a large span and areas of interest in) Portuguese contacts with Goa from 1510 to 1961. They have been broadly" grouped in four sections dealing with trade and industries, village communities and Goan life, religious issues, and literature.

PART I: In "Liberty goods and private trade: Some reflections on the liberty and subtlety in the 18° century Indo-Portuguese trade", Philomena Sequeira Antony reviews the prevalence of the officially sanctioned practices like liberty goods (liberdades) and private trade in the 18 century Indo-Portuguese maritime trade showing the increasing dependence of Portuguese trade on the local agents in procuring quality products. Celsa Pinto in "Spurt in industrialisation: Fábrica Real de Cumbarjua", sketches the establishment and working of Goa's official textile-producing factory, Fábrica Real de Cumbarjua. Though short- lived, its study shows that the expansion of the Portuguese Indian textile trade in the late 18" and early 19 centuries did stimulate textile production not only in Surat, Daman and Diu but even in Goa.

Fenelon Rebello in "Portuguese Legislation on reopening the mint of Goa in 1845 and issues of overstruck native coinage in Daman", comments on the mint of Goa. In 1845, the worn-out and crudely-struck pieces were replaced, the copper coinage was reformed and mechanical means used to regulate the shape and weight of the new pattern adopted. N. Shyam Bhat while looking at the historiography of the economic history of Goa in "Trade in Goa during the 19 century with special reference to colonial Kanara", examines the emergence of modern economy of Goa which was marked by the development of mines and export of ores from the middle of the 20 century and comments on the nature, significance and various dimensions of trade in Goa during the latter half of the 19th century.

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