Pattachitra Painting of Radha Krishna Story - Odisha Art
👉 Pattachitra in its layout draws from the idea of time in Hinduism, which flows eternally, in episodes that are interconnected, forming a garland of celestial events, where each bead is a Lila or divine play of the supreme god. In this Pattachitra, the episodes of Krishna Lila are laid out beautifully, starting (from the top left corner) from Vaikuntha, where Vishnu lies on his Adi Shesha, being attended by Sri Lakshmi. On the lotus emerging from his navel, Lord Brahma is enthroned. From here, the tale of Krishna goes to the human realm (moving in a clockwise direction).
👉 The second frame after the heavenly vision of Vishnu’s Vaikuntha shows the marriage of Vasudeva and Devaki, the parents of Krishna, who stand facing each other, exchanging Varamala or the marriage garlands.
👉 In the third frame, Kansa, the prince of Mathura, rides the Ratha or chariot of his sister, elated on the occasion of her marriage. It is during this chariot ride, that Kansa is warned by an Akashavani (a message from heaven) that the eighth child of his sister is going to be his Kaala or death.
👉 In the fourth frame, fearing the worst and angered by the Akashavani, Kansa puts his sister and Vasudeva in jail, where they welcome their children, only to be separated from them by Kansa. The scene shows the couple holding their blue-skinned child, Krishna, in their arms. After being born, Krishna appears in front of his parents in his glorious form and unveils to them the divine scheme of things.
👉 The fifth frame, shows the animated scene of Yogamaya- Vishnu’s Shakti appearing in front of Kansa, who had come to kill the eighth son of Devaki. According to sacred texts, Yogamaya was Yashoda’s daughter, who was replaced with Krishna. When Kansa holds the child of Devaki, a girl to his surprise, and tries to throw her against the wall of his jail cell, she escapes his grip and reaches the sky as the divine Yogamaya proclaims the arrival of Kansa’s annihilator.
👉 In the sixth frame, As the guards of Kansa’s jail sleep under the effect of the powers of Yogamaya, Vasudeva carries his baby in a basket and crosses the river Yamuna, protected from the heavy rains by the umbrella of Adi Shesha’s hoods.
👉 Vasudeva in this seventh frame, is shown reaching the house of Nanda and Yashoda. He approaches Yashoda who is in a deep slumber and is about to put Krishna on her bed and carry the girl child back to the jail.
👉 In the eighth frame, depicts a proud Nanda Baba on his throne, carrying his sons- Krishna and Balarama in his embrace, accompanied by their mothers Yashoda and Rohini.
👉 The Bal-Leelas in ninth frame, childhood plays of Krishna are incomplete without the episodes of his innocent bargaining with his mother for Makhan (butter). Makhan-chor (butter thief) Krishna stands behind Maa Yashoda who is churning butter, asking for a morsel of his favorite food.
👉 In the tenth frame, Kansa feared the fact that the eighth child of Devaki had escaped, and thus he started sending his demons to the nearby villages in search of the child. The first one was Putana, a Rakshasi who took the form of a woman and tried to feed the baby Krishna. Lord Krishna latched onto her chest, pulling the lift out of the demoness, who can be seen in the ninth frame of the Pattachitra.
👉 Vyomasura In the 11th frame, the son of Mayasura (a powerful demon) was also sent by Kansa to kill Krishna. The demon took the form of a cowherd boy and started kidnapping Gopas (cowherd boys). Krishna not only freed his friends from the demon Vyomasura but also sent him to his end.
👉 In the 12th frame, Saktasura (sakata-cart) was a cart-shaped demon, who came to Vrindavana and camouflaged himself as a wooden bullock cart. A sleeping baby Krishna was placed by Maa Yashoda on this cart, and the Asura changed his form. The lotus feet of baby Krishna kicked the demon, breaking his form and nulling the efforts of Kansa, once again.
👉 One day, the mischievous Krishna was tied by his mother Yashoda to an Okhali or mortar as punishment. Lord Krishna, a dotting toddler, started crawling, dragging the heavy mortar with him to the courtyard of his house, where two Arjuna trees stood. As Krishna crawled between them, the mortar got stuck, and then as he pulled, the tree got uprooted with a great crash.
From the trees emerged two divine beings, the sons of Kubera- Nalakuvera and Manigriva, who were cursed by Narada to become trees. The heavenly beings can be seen in the thirteenth frame of the Pattachitra, paying obeisance to Krishna, for giving them Mukti (freedom) from their form as trees and allowing them to go back to their luxurious abode.
👉 In 14th frame, Maa Yashoda is holding Krishna’s hand, reminding one of the episode where Krishna ate dirt and when asked by Yashoda to open his mouth, showed her the entire Universe in his tiny mouth. Mother Yashoda was awe-struck to see her baby’s divine powers but was brought back to her senses by Kanha, who became the innocent child once again and was embraced by his mother, for whom he forever remained a little child.
👉 The 15th frame celebrates Maa Yashoda as the pinnacle of Vaatsalya- motherly affection, who raised Krishna as her son and is also seen showering love on Balarama, who stands near her.
👉 The brotherly bond of Krishna and Balarama is at the heart of Krishna’s victory over the forces of evil. His Lilas are strengthened by the presence of Balarama, who is an incarnation of Adi Shesha. In the sixteenth frame, Krishna and Balarama stand close, mirroring each other’s posture, to highlight their oneness.
👉 In the 17th frame, we return to Krishna’s victory over the demons of Kansa. This episode shows the demon Agrahasura, who took the form of a gigantic serpent and swallowed Krishna, his friends, and their cattle by expanding his body and appearing like a cave. Inside his stomach, Krishna expanded his body and ultimately slayed the demon.
👉 Bakasura in the 18th frame, a demon in the form of a crane with a sharp beak, attacked Krishna and swallowed him. The innocent protector of Brija reached the throat of the demon, and from there, split the demon into two halves, by tearing it from its beak.
👉 The efforts of Kansa, despite his failures, were not halting. This time, he sent a demon named Trinavarta, who took the form of a dust storm and attacked Vrindavana. Krishna at the moment was in the lap of his mother, who, under the effect of the demon’s powers, felt that her baby was getting unbearably heavy.
As she put Krishna down, the demon took the child and flew into the sky. But the Lord of the Universe could not be overpowered. Using the tactic of the demon on him, Krishna began increasing his weight, to a point where under his burden, the demon collapsed on the ground and met his end.
👉 Arishtasura in the 20th frame, the bull demon, is depicted in this frame, in an attacking posture, while Krishna holds his neck. The demon attacked the forests of Vrindavana and was wreaking havoc on the residents. Krishna challenged him and put an end to his terror.
👉 This 21th frame, depicts a long-haired horse demon, who is named Keshi or Kesin in the epics and Puranas. The demon was sent by Kansa to kill Krishna after the death of Arishta. As with the other demons, Keshi was overwhelmed by the blue-skinned Lord and slain at the end of a duel between Krishna and him.
👉 Krishna has been hailed as “Gopala”, but one demon, Vatsasura took the form of his beloved calf in an attempt to harm Krishna and his friends. The demon joined the herd of Krishna and Balarama but was made by the brothers, who swiftly took him out and by lunging him towards a tree, once again outsmarted Kansa.
👉 This 23rd frame, depicts Krishna holding the Mountain Govardhana, in his form as “Govardhana-giri-dhari '', in which he protected the people of Brija-mandala from the wrath of Indra, an episode which is celebrated annually as Govardhana Puja.
👉 Tired of waiting for his subordinates to do his work, Kansa decides to invite Krishna and Balarama to Mathura and remove the cause of his death. In this frame, Kansa has Akrura (Krishna’s uncle) in his court, whom he is instructing about bringing the two brothers to Mathura for a wrestling match.
👉 This 25th frame, Akrura reaches Vrindavana and talks to Yashoda and Nanda, who are reluctant to send the apples of their eyes to the cruel Kansa, but agree to the invitation after Krishna urges them to.
👉 Akrura can be seen riding the chariot, with Krishna and Balarama seated comfortably in the back. This episode is a beautiful one in the series of Krishna-Lilas and is termed “Mathura Vijaya” (victory over Mathura).
👉 The elephant in this 27th frame is Kuvalayapida from the royal stables, who was let loose on the orders of Kansa, when he heard about the arrival of Krishna and Balarama, to trample the brothers under the feet of the giant animal. The divine brothers took hold of the elephant, and killed him, after which they took his tusks and marched towards the palace of Kansa.
👉 This 28th frame shows Krishna and Balarama standing in front of a beautiful maiden, with Krishna holding her hand. The woman according to Vaishnava Puranas is Kubja, a hunchbacked female, who was Suparnakha in her previous birth, waiting for Vishnu to grant her salvation. Holding her hand, Krishna straightens the back of Kubja, who gains beauty and health with the blessings of the Lord.
👉 Krishna and Balarama reach the wrestling arena of Kansa, where his best wrestlers- Charura and Mushtik challenge them. Krishna battles with Charura and Balarama faces Mushtik, killing them both in the duel and emerging victorious.
👉 The 30th frame, presents Krishna appearing in front of Kansa, who is awe-struck and frozen at the thought of coming face-to-face with his end.
👉 The 31st frame, Krishna and Balarama stand next to the throne of Mathura and on the ground lies Kansa’s lifeless body, as a symbol of the end of his tyrannous reign.
👉 The 32nd frame, The brothers place the crown on the head of Ugrasena, the aging father of Kansa whom he had placed as a captive in his prison. Thus, the Lilas of Krishna as a protector come to a complete circle, with the series once again reaching the abode of Vishnu.
The vertically arranged rectangular compositions framed by these Lilas also contain heart-warming legends from Krishna’s life. On the left side of the viewer (clockwise) are frames depicting Krishna stealing butter along with his friends and Gopis, Krishna and Balarama with cattle herd in the forests of Brija where Krishna plays his flute, Krishna stealing the clothes of cowherd girls, and the legendary episode of Kaliya-Maan-Mardana (subduing the pride of Kaliya serpent), where Krishna removes the poisonous snake Kaliya from the Yamuna river.
The right side of the Pattachitra is dedicated to Krishna and Radha’s eternal love, narrated in the Bhakti poetry of Eastern India, especially in the GIta Govinda of Jaideva. The first frame shows Radharani sitting in her home, talking to Uddhava (Krishna’s devotee and friend) who has brought his message to his beloved. In the next frame, Krishna dressed as a Gopi reaches Radha, who is saddened by the separation from her beloved.
Below this is a beautiful depiction of Sringaar (ornamentation and the Rasa or emotion of romance), where Krishna combs Radha’s hair and adorns his beloved. The last scene shows Radha and Krishna in the heart of a forest, accompanied by a Hamsa pair (symbol of eternal affection), Krishna playing his flute, and Radha immersing in the sweetness of the instrument and its player.
The center of the Pattachitra has the Maharasa Mandala- the dance of Krishna with his Gopis, in a circular formation. The circle in itself is a sacred figure, symbolic of the unending flow of emotions, energy, and Rasa (sweetness) of Krishna’s Prema and Bhakti. In the petals of a bloomed lotus (which is synonymous with beauty, purity, and spiritual awakening in Indian culture), Krishna is depicted with Gopis, engaged in various playful activities.
On the inner circle, small circular frames contain figures of Krishna and Gopis, who encircle the Jugal-Jodi (divine, youthful duo) Radha Krishna, striking a mesmerizing posture on a delicate lotus flower, under a Kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling tree), accompanied by two Sakhis (Gopis, friends of Radha) fanning the couple and a cow.
At the heart of all Lilas, the material and spiritual life, at the root of the realization of supreme truth through Prema (symbolized by the Rasa Mandala), are Radha-Krishna, the primordial Purusha and Prakriti, male and female elemental energies, who reign over the Universe.
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