About the Book
"The Ordinances of Manu," or Manusmriti, is an ancient Hindu legal text outlining social and moral codes. Translated by Arthur Coke Burnell in the 19th century, this work serves as a significant source of Hindu law and societal norms. It addresses the duties and responsibilities of individuals across different life stages, focusing on caste, gender roles, and ethical conduct. Burnell's translation aimed to provide Western readers insight into Indian culture and legal traditions. While influential, the Manusmriti has faced criticism for its rigid views on caste and gender, sparking ongoing discussions about its relevance in contemporary society.
About the Author
The late Dr. Burnell had, as is well known, begun a new translation of the Manava-dharma-śāstra, based on the more accurate knowledge we now possess of Indian literature, as compared with that obtainable by the early translators. This work the author unhappily did not live to finish. A year ago it was proposed to the editor to complete the undertaking, and deeming it a pleasure to feel that the last labours of an honoured scholar, such as was Dr. Burnell, might be preserved and handed down through his instrumentality, he cheerfully consented to undertake the preparation of the work for the press.
The present volume contains this final memorial of Dr. Burnell, and is now offered to the public with such additions only as appeared to the editor to be absolutely necessary. Of the lessened worth unavoidably arising from the transfer of the work to one lacking the skill and scholarship of the author of the translation, the editor himself is fully aware.
The book's plan and purpose have been sufficiently discussed by Dr. Burnell in the following Introduction, and nothing further is needed on that score except in so far as the editor may have laid himself open to the charge of deviating from the method proposed by the author. On that point he would remark: the author of the translation has defined the line of interpretation as based on the text of Kullūka, over against modifications of that text by acceptance of the varied readings found in Medhätithi.
Introduction
No Indian book has been better known for the last hundred years¹ nearly than the so-called "Laws of Manu," and to many people it is still the decisive authority respecting India. Numerous and important as have been the discoveries in Sanskrit literature during this century, and through which a new world has been rediscovered by European scholars, these laws still hold their old place in the popular estimation. This is partly owing to the circumstances under which Sir William Jones brought out his translation, and it is partly owing to the high estimate which, in comparatively modern times, has attached to the book in India for perhaps nearly fourteen hundred years. But the grounds assigned for this, as usual in India, are not satisfactory. Sir W. Jones' translation was the first real translation of a Sanskrit work, and for this reason deservedly attracted notice.